广告、品牌壁垒与消费者选择

传统产业经济学研究的进入壁垒一般是基于厂商在生产领域内的非对称优势壁垒,如规模经济、产品差异化等;或制度性壁垒,如政策、法律等。但是,在供给过剩的条件下,生产领域中的非对称优势会被迅速模仿并最终失去壁垒作用,而基于消费者选择行为的品牌机制,将会成为一种新的壁垒形式,即品牌壁垒。对于品牌壁垒的形成途径,本文从广告形成品牌壁垒的线索出发进行了理论评述,进一步的,我们证明产品转化为商品的过程也存在着成本,而由选择成本决定的品牌机制,可以提高产品转化率,在厂商内部实现转化效率,从而获得非对称优势。在商品过剩及消费者选择的条件下,由品牌构筑起的进入壁垒对于防止新进入者的进入显得更为持久更为有效,同时这也将成为厂商竞争最重要的壁垒形式之一。     

Real option valuation of public sector R&D investments with a down-and-out barrier option

This paper presents a real options approach for valuing public-sector research and development projects, using a down-and-out barrier option. Specifically, it considers the potential savings to the tax payer for investing in technology to be purchased by a national government. The valuation is performed with stretched trinomial lattices. Government-driven demand for this technology is equated with the underlying asset, and valuation measured in terms of potential government savings. Two variables, volatility of demand for the technology and unit cost, are treated as uncertain. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to understand the effects of these variables on the valuation. Other variables are estimated, and a parametric analysis is performed to understand the effects of these variables. To illustrate how this approach could be used, the development of a new sensor, to be used in large networks that track greenhouse gas fluxes, is considered as an example.     

A NEW METHOD OF PRICING LOOKBACK OPTIONS

A new method for pricing lookback options (a.k.a. hindsight options) is presented, which simplifies the derivation of analytical formulas for this class of exotics in the Black-Scholes framework. Underlying the method is the observation that a lookback option can be considered as an integrated form of a related barrier option. The integrations with respect to the barrier price are evaluated at the expiry date to derive the payoff of an equivalent portfolio of European-type binary options. The arbitrage-free price of the lookback option can then be evaluated by static replication as the present value of this portfolio. We illustrate the method by deriving expressions for generic, standard floating-, fixed-, and reverse-strike lookbacks, and then show how the method can be used to price the more complex partial-price and partial-time lookback options. The method is in principle applicable to frameworks with alternative asset-price dynamics to the Black-Scholes world.     

旅游社区旅游业可持续发展障碍

旅游业的可持续发展呼唤从社区层面进行旅游目的地旅游的开发与管理。文章从社区层面上对旅游社区可持续发展的环境、聚居、经济及社会文化等方面的障碍因素进行了分析,认为旅游业可持续发展应建立在社区这一更宏观层面意义上,探讨旅游社区具有地格特色和本土文化意境的稀缺性资源,从整体上把握好旅游开发与社区建设的和谐共赢,实现旅游社区整体旅游形象设计与塑造,并确保旅游社区之间统筹与合作,方能实现旅游社区经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的整体优化和旅游业的可持续发展。     

技术性贸易壁垒与合格评定程序

随着WTO和贸易自由化的发展，各国的关税水平大幅度降低，以及配额、许可证等非关税措施的逐步取消，大大促进了国际贸易的发展，技术贸易措施在国际贸易中的地位日益重要。合格评定程序是指任何直接或间接用以确定产品是否满足技术法规或标准要求的程序。合格评定程序是企业扩大对外出口、突破技术贸易壁垒的有效措施。     

中国改革进入"深水区"的思考--破解结构性矛盾与体制性障碍

中国经过二十多年的改革历程,要进一步深化改革,就必须调整和优化不合理的产业结构;调整所有制结构,大力发展民营经济;调整社会阶层结构,大力培育发展中产阶级;调整城乡二元结构,城市反哺农村.还必须破除政府层层审批对经济的阻碍,推进产权制度改革,真正建立现代企业制度,才能打好改革的攻坚战.     

The Impacts of the Green Barrier against China＇s Agricultural Products Exports

Green Barrier is one of the non-tariffbarriers, which has its special characteristics. More and more countries have imposed green barriers on China＇s agricultural products exports in a bid to protect their domestic agriculture. When studying the green barriers oriented market access system, we should handle well the following works： popularizing agricultural standardization, improving quality standard systems of agricultural products, propelling the technological innovations of green production, establishing an emergency system for the foreign trade of agricultural products by which the green production and operation can be supported from funds and policies, etc.     

绿色壁垒的滥用与缺失——发达国家和发展中国家的博弈

绿色壁垒出现的间接原因是为了保护环境,维持可持续发展的需要,直接原因则是贸易保护主义所采取的新的贸易保护手段;基于该手段对于其运用主体有一定的要求,发达国家因此受益。但是基于该壁垒将是发展的大势,发展中国家要加快自身的改革发展,积极应对,将其带来的负面影响降到最低限度。     

刍论日本进口中国农产品中的绿色壁垒

近几年来，由于日本提高了农产品药残检验标准和实行严格检查等“绿色贸易壁垒”措施，使我国大警农产品出口企业蒙受严重损失，绿色壁垒已成为制约我国农产品对日出口的主要障碍。因此，我国的有关部门必须深入研究日本农产品绿色壁垒的表现形式，分析其设置绿色壁垒的各种原因，从而采取有效措施．突破绿色壁垒障碍，以保证我国农产品出口的市场份额。     

A Proposal for Progressively Integrating Illiquid Shares and Liquid Shares in Chinese Stock Markets

This paper classifies the market barriers which cause the division of the Chinese stock markets into two categories： the barriers for trading across markets and the barriers for capital transference across markets. It critically reviews various plans and Chinese historical practices which aimed to remove the barriers, and brings forward a proposal for progressively integrating illiquid shares and liquid shares in Chinese stock markets.